The Role of Diplomacy and Dialogue in Handling Armed Conflict in Papua Through a Holistic Approach: English

Endang Sumardi; Bambang  Kustiawan; Tri   Handoko

doi:10.55227/ijhess.v5i1.1847

Authors

Endang Sumardi Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia
Bambang Kustiawan Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia
Tri Handoko Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v5i1.1847

Keywords:

Papua Conflict, Diplomacy, Dialogue, Special Autonomy, Holistic Approach

Abstract

The armed conflict in Papua is a complex and multidimensional problem, rooted in the process of Papua's integration into Indonesia through the Act of Free Choice (PEPERA) in 1969. The conflict involves interconnected political, economic, social and cultural aspects. The security approach adopted by the government, including military operations and the status of the Military Operation Area (DOM), has worsened relations between the government and the Papuan people. In an effort to resolve the conflict, diplomacy and dialog are offered as constructive alternatives. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method to explore the role of diplomacy and dialogue through a holistic approach, integrating political, economic, social and cultural dimensions in conflict resolution in Papua. The analysis shows that the implementation of Special Autonomy has not been fully effective in addressing the dissatisfaction of the Papuan people. A holistic approach involving various stakeholders is needed to achieve a sustainable solution. Experiences from conflict resolution in other regions, such as Aceh and Mindanao, show the importance of political commitment, inclusive mediation, and the integration of local values in the peace process. Policy recommendations include revitalizing national dialogue, strengthening special autonomy, empowering the local economy, and preserving Papuan culture

References

Aspinall, E. (2005). The Helsinki Agreement : A More Promising Basis for Peace in Aceh? In East-West Center Washington (Vol. 20, Issue January 2005).

Anas, M. R. F., Sukendro, A., Malik, I., Widodo, P., & Chandra, A. A. (2024). Resolving the Papua Conflict: A Multidimensional Approach and the Role of Interagency Cooperation. International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v4i3.1204

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Statistik Indonesia 2021.

BPS. (2020). Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) Provinsi Papua Tahun 2020. In Badan Pusat Statistik Papua. Diakses pada tanggal 5 September 2024, di laman: https://papua.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2020/12/15/495/indeks--pembangunan-manusia--ipm--provinsi-papua-tahun-2020.html

Chauvel, R. (2004). Constructing Papuan nationalism: History, ethnicity, and adaptation. In East-West Center Washington.

Chauvel, R. (2018). Merdeka and the Morning Star: Civil Resistance in West Papua. The Journal of Pacific History, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2018.1426976

Chauvel, R., & Bhakti, I. (2004). The Papua Conflict: Jakarta’s Perceptions and Policies. In Policy Studies (Issue 5).

Cookson, M., Dunn, L., Braithwaite, J., & Braithwaite, V. (2010a). Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and reconciliation in Indonesian peacebuilding. In Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and reconciliation in Indonesian peacebuilding. https://doi.org/10.26530/oapen_458801

Cookson, M., Dunn, L., Braithwaite, J., & Braithwaite, V. (2010b). Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and reconciliation in Indonesian peacebuilding. In Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and reconciliation in Indonesian peacebuilding. https://doi.org/10.26530/oapen_458801

Creswell, W. J., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative adn Mixed Methods Approaches. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 53, Issue 9).

Deutsch, M., Coleman, P. T., & Marcus, E. C. (2006). The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. John Wiley and Sons Inc.

Elmslie, J. (2017). The great divide: West Papuan demographics revisited; settlers dominate coastal regions but the highlands still overwhelmingly Papuan. ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL-JAPAN FOCUS, 15(2).

Herbolzheimer, K. (2015). The peace process in Mindanao, the Philippines: evolution and lessons learned. In The International Relations and Security Network (Vol. 17, Issue December).

Human Rights Watch. (2007). Out of sight: Endemic abuse and impunity in Papua’s central highlands. Diakses pada tanggal 5 September 2024, di laman: https://www.hrw.org/report/2007/07/04/out-sight/endemic-abuse-and-impunity-papuas-central-highlands

International Crisis Group. (2012). Indonesia: Dinamika kekerasan di Papua. In International Crisis Group.

Ismail, F. (2023). The Dynamics of Conflict Resolution and the Potential for Disintegration in West Papua in the Context of the Unity of the Republic of Indonesia: An Analysis of Conflict and Disintegration in the Papua Region. Pasundan Social Science Development, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.56457/pascidev.v4i1.74

Kaisupy, D. A., & Maing, S. G. (2021). PROSES NEGOSIASI KONFLIK PAPUA: DIALOG JAKARTA-PAPUA. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.23887/jish-undiksha.v10i1.27056

Kossay, M. (2022). Conceptual Study Of Central Government Policies In Resolving The Papua Conflict In Indonesia (Papua Special Autonomy Perspective). International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.38142/ijesss.v3i3.237

Lederach, J. P. (1997a). Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. In Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57807-1_1

Lederach, J. P. (1997b). Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. In Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57807-1_1

McGibbon, R. (2004a). Plural society in peril: migration, economic change, and the Papua conflict. In Policy studies.

McGibbon, R. (2004b). Plural society in peril: migration, economic change, and the Papua conflict. In Policy studies.

Patterson, S. E. (2014). RECONCILE: CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION FOR ORDINARY CHRISTIANS. The Journal of Applied Christian Leadership, 8(2).

Resosudarmo, B. P., Mollet, J. A., Raya, U. R., & Kaiwai, H. (2014a). Development in Papua after special autonomy. In Regional Dynamics in a Decentralized Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814519175-025

Resosudarmo, B. P., Mollet, J. A., Raya, U. R., & Kaiwai, H. (2014b). Development in Papua after special autonomy. In Regional Dynamics in a Decentralized Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814519175-025

Rosyidin, M., Basith, A. A. D., & Wahyudi, F. E. (2022). The Papua Conflict: The Different Perspectives of The Indonesian Government and International Communities—Review from The English School Theory. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/global.v24i2.1253

Slama, M., & Munro, J. (2015). From “Stone-Age” to “Real-Time”: Exploring Papuan Temporalities, Mobilities and Religiosities. In From “Stone-Age” to “Real-Time”: Exploring Papuan Temporalities, Mobilities and Religiosities. https://doi.org/10.26530/oapen_569112

Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039

Sugiyono. (2020). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Untuk Penelitian yang Bersifat: eksploratif, enterpretif, interaktif dan konstruktif (3rd ed.). Alfabeta.

UNDP. (2018). Papua needs assessment: An entry point for interventions to strengthen human development in tanah Papua. In United Nations Development Programme.

Widjojo, M. S., Amiruddin, A. E., Pamungkas, C., & Dewi, R. (2009). Papua Road Map Negotiating the Past, Improving the Present and Securing the Future. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI).